Sorghum hybrids grown in hydroponics contrast for phosphorus use efficiency / Híbridos de sorgo crescidos em hidroponia contrastam para eficiência de uso de fósforo

Phosphorus (P) use efficiency is crucial for sorghum production. P acquisition efficiency is the most important component of P use efficiency. The early-stage evaluation of plant development is a useful tool for identifying P-efficient genotypes. This study aimed to identify sorghum hybrids that are efficient in P use efficiency and assess the genetic diversity among hybrids based on traits related to P acquisition efficiency. Thus, 38 sorghum hybrids and two inbred lines (checks) were evaluated under low and high P in a paper pouch system with nutrient solution. Biomass and root traits related to P efficiency were measured. There was no interaction between genotypes and P levels concerning all evaluated traits. The biomass and root traits, except root diameter, presented smaller means under low P than high P. Efficient and inefficient hybrids under each P level were identified. The genetic diversity assessment grouped these genotypes in different clusters. The hybrids AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540, and DKB 590 were superior under low-P and high-P. Hybrids SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 presented the lowest means than all other hybrids, under both conditions. The evaluated hybrids showed phenotypic diversity for traits related to P acquisition, such as root length and root surface area, which can be useful for establishing selection strategies for sorghum breeding programs and increasing P use efficiency.

A eficiência do uso do fósforo (P) é fundamental para a produção de sorgo. A avaliação no estágio inicial do desenvolvimento da planta é uma ferramenta útil para a identificação de genótipos eficientes de P. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar híbridos de sorgo que sejam eficientes ao uso de P e avaliar a diversidade genética entre os híbridos com base em características relacionadas à eficiência de aquisição de P. Assim, 38 híbridos de sorgo e duas linhagens (testemunhas) foram avaliados sob baixo e alto P em sistema de pastas de papel com solução nutritiva. Características de biomassa e de raiz relacionadas à eficiência de P foram mensuradas. Não houve interação entre genótipos e níveis de P em todas as características avaliadas. As características de biomassa e raiz, exceto o diâmetro da raiz, apresentaram médias menores sob baixo P em comparação com alto P. Híbridos eficientes e ineficientes sob cada nível de P foram identificados e agrupados quanto à diversidade genética. Os híbridos AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540 e DKB 590 foram superiores sob baixo-P e alto-P. Os híbridos SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 apresentaram as menores médias que todos os outros híbridos, em ambas condições. Os híbridos avaliados apresentaram diversidade fenotípica para características relacionadas à aquisição de P, como comprimento e área superficial da raiz, o que pode ser útil para estabelecer estratégias de seleção para programas de melhoramento de sorgo e aumentar a eficiência de uso do P.

Sorghum hybrids grown in hydroponics contrast for phosphorus use efficiency

Abstract Phosphorus (P) use efficiency is crucial for sorghum production. P acquisition efficiency is the most important component of P use efficiency. The early-stage evaluation of plant development is a useful tool for identifying P-efficient genotypes. This study aimed to identify sorghum hybrids that are efficient in P use efficiency and assess the genetic diversity among hybrids based on traits related to P acquisition efficiency. Thus, 38 sorghum hybrids and two inbred lines (checks) were evaluated under low and high P in a paper pouch system with nutrient solution. Biomass and root traits related to P efficiency were measured. There was no interaction between genotypes and P levels concerning all evaluated traits. The biomass and root traits, except root diameter, presented smaller means under low P than high P. Efficient and inefficient hybrids under each P level were identified. The genetic diversity assessment grouped these genotypes in different clusters. The hybrids AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540, and DKB 590 were superior under low-P and high-P. Hybrids SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 presented the lowest means than all other hybrids, under both conditions. The evaluated hybrids showed phenotypic diversity for traits related to P acquisition, such as root length and root surface area, which can be useful for establishing selection strategies for sorghum breeding programs and increasing P use efficiency.

Resumo A eficiência do uso do fósforo (P) é fundamental para a produção de sorgo. A avaliação no estágio inicial do desenvolvimento da planta é uma ferramenta útil para a identificação de genótipos eficientes de P. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar híbridos de sorgo que sejam eficientes ao uso de P e avaliar a diversidade genética entre os híbridos com base em características relacionadas à eficiência de aquisição de P. Assim, 38 híbridos de sorgo e duas linhagens (testemunhas) foram avaliados sob baixo e alto P em sistema de pastas de papel com solução nutritiva. Características de biomassa e de raiz relacionadas à eficiência de P foram mensuradas. Não houve interação entre genótipos e níveis de P em todas as características avaliadas. As características de biomassa e raiz, exceto o diâmetro da raiz, apresentaram médias menores sob baixo P em comparação com alto P. Híbridos eficientes e ineficientes sob cada nível de P foram identificados e agrupados quanto à diversidade genética. Os híbridos AG1090, MSK326, AG1060, 1G100, AS 4639, DKB 540 e DKB 590 foram superiores sob baixo-P e alto-P. Os híbridos SC121, 1236020 e 1167017 apresentaram as menores médias que todos os outros híbridos, em ambas condições. Os híbridos avaliados apresentaram diversidade fenotípica para características relacionadas à aquisição de P, como comprimento e área superficial da raiz, o que pode ser útil para estabelecer estratégias de seleção para programas de melhoramento de sorgo e aumentar a eficiência de uso do P.

Analysis of the Internal and External Morphology of the Mandibular First Molar in a Chilean Sub-Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Análisis de la Morfología Interna y Externa del Primer Molar Mandibular en una Subpoblación Chilena Mediante Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico

SUMMARY: The mandibular first molar (MFM) commonly presents two roots with two canals in the mesial root and one or two canals in the distal root. However, morphological variations have been described in different populations, which must be considered when planning endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the internal and external morphology of the MFM in a Chilean sub-population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. An in vivo cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study was conducted using CBCT exams from 351 right and left MFM. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using the Chi- Square test for categorical variables, Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test for two independent samples, and the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for related samples. Of the total sample, 1 root was observed in 2.27 % of the cases, 2 roots in 93.73 %, and 3 roots in 4 %. In relation to the number of canals, 71.23 % of the MFM showed 3 root canals, 16.81 % 4 canals, 9.69 % 2 canals, and 2.28 % 1 canal. Of all the studied cases, 2.3 % had a C-shaped anatomy. In terms of morphology, using Zhang's classification, variant 3 was observed in 71.23 %, variant 4 in 12.82 %, variant 1 in 9.67 %, variant 6 in 4 %, and variant 8 in 2.28 %. In conclusion, the morphology of the MFM is variable in a Chilean sub-population, and these variations must be considered before and during endodontic therapy. CBCT proved to be an effective tool for the in vivo study of tooth morphology.

El primer molar mandibular (MFM) comúnmente presenta dos raíces con dos canales en la raíz mesial y uno o dos canales en la raíz distal. Sin embargo, se han descrito variaciones morfológicas en distintas poblaciones, las que se deben tener en consideración al momento de planificar el tratamiento endodóntico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la morfología interna y externa del MFM en una sub población chilena mediante el uso de imágenes de tomografía computarizada Cone Beam (CBCT). Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional in vivo empleando exámenes CBCT de 351 MFM tanto derechos como izquierdos. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva empleando la prueba Chi-Cuadrado para variables categóricas, el test exacto de Fisher, la prueba no paramétrica de U-Mann-Whitney para dos muestras independientes y la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas. Del total de la muestra se observó 1 raíz en un 2.27 % de los casos, 2 raíces en 93.73 % y 3 raíces en un 4 %. En relación al número de canales un 71.23 % de los MFM mostraron 3 canales radiculares, un 16.81 % 4 canales, un 9.69 % 2 canales y un 2.28 % 1 canal. Del total de los casos estudiados un 2.3 % se presentó anatomía en forma de C. En relación a la morfología, empleando la clasificación de Zhang, se observó en un 71.23 % la variante tipo 3, en un 12.82 % la variante tipo 4, en un 9.67 % la variante tipo 1, en un 4 % variante tipo 6 y en un 2,28 % variante tipo 8. En conclusión, la morfología del MFM es variable en una subpoblación chilena y estas variaciones deben ser consideradas antes y durante la terapia endodóntica. El CBCT demostró ser una herramienta eficaz para el estudio in vivo de la morfología dentaria.

Has the literature thoroughly categorized the lower third molars? A new classification of the various lower third molar root forms for a better understanding of their morphology / ¿La literatura ha categorizado minuciosamente los terceros molares inferiores? Una nueva clasificación de las diversas formas radiculares del tercer molar inferior para una mejor comprensión de su morfología

SUMMARY: Impacted lower third molars (IL3M) have different root shapes and numbers. This study aimed to create a classification for IL3M root forms, that should aid in understanding roots morphology. A retrospective cross-sectional study on patients had IL3M at the university clinics between 2017 and 2019. Panoramic radiographs were retrieved to classify the roots into fused roots (FR): one or two roots connected from furcation to apices, and separated roots (SR): two or more roots not connected from furcation to apical third, and each type has different forms. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-Square test. Five-hundred patients, males (54.6 %) and females (45.4 %) were included. SR were in 591 teeth (75.5 %), and FR in 192 teeth (24.5 %). Statistically significant associations emerged between SR and males (60 %) and between FR and females (66 %) (p = .000). SR forms were straight (45.8 %), joined roots (28.2 %), one straight and one curved (13.3 %), roots curved distal (9.1 %), roots curved mesial (2.5 %), and more than two roots (0.3 %). FR forms were straight (87.5 %), curved distal (9.4 %), S-shaped (2.1 %), and curved mesial (1 %). The common angulations of IL3M with SR were vertical (39 %) followed by mesioangular (25.7 %), while FR were mostly vertical (39.1 %) or horizontal (23.9 %). The classification is applicable on panoramic radiographs, and complements Winter and Pell & Gregory to provide a better description of IL3M status by adding root morphology to the angulation, occlusal, and ramus relationship.

Los terceros molares inferiores impactados (3MII) tienen diferentes formas y números de raíces. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo crear una clasificación para las formas de raíz 3MII, que debería ayudar a comprender la morfología de las raíces. Realizamos un estudio transversal retrospectivo de pacientes con 3MII en las clínicas universitarias entre 2017 y 2019. Se recuperaron radiografías panorámicas para clasificar las raíces en raíces fusionadas (RF): una o dos raíces conectadas desde la zona de furca a los ápices y raíces separadas (RS): dos o más raíces no conectadas desde la bifurcación al tercio apical, y cada tipo con formas diferentes. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba Chi-Cuadrado. Se incluyeron 500 pacientes, hombres (54,6 %) y mujeres (45,4 %). RS se observó en 591 dientes (75,5 %) y RF en 192 dientes (24,5 %). Surgieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre RS y hombres (60 %) y entre RF y mujeres (66 %) (p = .000). Las formas de RS eran rectas (45,8 %), raíces unidas (28,2 %), una recta y una curva (13,3 %), raíces curvas distales (9,1 %), raíces curvas mesiales (2,5 %) y más de dos raíces (0,3 %).). Las formas RF eran rectas (87,5 %), curvas distales (9,4 %), en forma de S (2,1 %) y curvas mesiales (1 %). Las angulaciones comunes de 3MII con RS fueron verticales (39 %), seguidas de mesioangular (25,7 %), mientras que RF fueron mayoritariamente verticales (39,1 %) u horizontales (23,9 %). La clasificación es aplicable en radiografías panorámicas y complementa a Winter y Pell & Gregory para proporcionar una mejor descripción del estado de 3MII al agregar la morfología de la raíz a la relación de angulación, oclusal y rama.

Root and root canal system morphology of maxillary first premolars in a Chilean subpopulation: a cone-beam Computed Tomography Study / Morfología radicular y del sistema de canales radiculares de los primeros premolares maxilares en una subpoblación chilena: un estudio de tomografía computarizada de haz de cono

SUMMARY: The maxillary first premolar (MFP) presents a highly variable and complex root morphology; it is also one of the teeth most likely to suffer vertical root fractures. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the root and root canal system of the MFP in a Chilean population using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). One hundred and twenty-one MFP were evaluated (60 left and 61 right), belonging to subjects of both sexes. Descriptive and statiscal analysis of the data was carried out, with a value of P < 0.05 being statistically significant. One root was observed in 71 % of teeth and two roots in 29 %; statistically significant differences were observed in the number of roots by sex (p<0.05). Two root canals were found in 69.5 % of teeth and one canal in 30.5 %. In terms of morphological classification, 41.3 % of cases were Vertucci Type IV. The proximal cementodentinal walls were the thinnest. The MFP presented a high degree of morphological variation in a Chilean subpopulation.

RESUMEN: El primer premolar maxilar (PPM) presenta una morfología radicular muy variable y compleja; también es uno de los dientes con mayor probabilidad de sufrir fracturas radiculares verticales. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la morfología de la raíz y el sistema de conductos radiculares del PPM en una población chilena mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Se evaluaron 121 PPM (60 izquierdas y 61 derechas), pertenecientes a sujetos de ambos sexos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y estadístico de los datos, siendo estadísticamente significativo un valor de P < 0,05. Se observó una raíz en el 71 % de los dientes y dos raíces en el 29 %; se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de raíces por sexo (p<0.05). Se encontraron dos conductos radiculares en el 69,5 % de los dientes y un conducto en el 30,5 %. En cuanto a la clasificación morfológica, el 41,3 % de los casos fueron Vertucci Tipo IV. Las paredes cementodentinales proximales fueron las más delgadas. El PPM presentó un alto grado de variación morfológica en una subpoblación chilena.

The variation in crown-root morphology of anterior teeth assessed with cone-beam computed tomography

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the discrepancy of crown-root morphology of anterior teeth, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to provide a guidance for proper torque expression. Methods: A total of eligible 200 CBCT were imported into Invivo v. 5.4 software, to obtain the middle labio-lingual sections of anterior teeth. AutoCAD 2007 software was applied to measure the crown-root angulation (Collum angle) and the angle formed by a tangent to the center of the labial surface and the long axis of the crown (labial surface angle). SPSS 18.0 was used for statistical comparisons of the two measurements, at the level of p< 0.05, and the Pearson correlation analysis was applied to investigate the association between the two measurements. Results: The value of Collum angle in maxillary central incisor was close to 0°. Significantly negative Collum angle in lateral incisors and maxillary canine, and positive value in mandibular canine were detected (p < 0.001). The labial surface angle in canine was significantly greater than the intra-arch incisors (p< 0.001), and no significant difference was detected between the central and lateral incisors (p > 0.05). Notably, there was also a significant positive correlation between the two measurements. Conclusions: The crown-root angulations were greatly different among anterior teeth. Accompanying the obvious crown-root angulations, the canines both in maxillary and mandibular arches presented considerable labial surface curvatures. Hence, equivalent deviation during bracket bonding might cause greater torque expression error and increase the risk of alveolar fenestration and dehiscence.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a discrepância na morfologia coroa-raiz de dentes anteriores, utilizando tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), e fornecer parâmetros para a expressão apropriada do torque. Método: No total, 200 tomografias elegíveis foram importadas para o software Invivo 5.4 para obtenção das secções médias vestibulolinguais dos dentes anteriores. Osoftware AutoCAD 2007 foi usado para medir a angulação coroa-raiz (ângulo Collum) e o ângulo formado por uma tangente ao centro da superfície vestibular da coroa e o longo eixo da coroa (ângulo da superfície vestibular). O software SPSS 18.0 foi utilizado para as comparações estatísticas das duas medições, com nível de significância de p< 0,05, e a análise de correlação de Pearson foi aplicada para investigar a associação entre as duas medições. Resultados: O valor do ângulo Collum do incisivo central superior foi próximo a 0°. Foram detectados valores significativamente negativos para o ângulo Collum nos incisivos laterais e caninos superiores, mas valores positivos nos caninos inferiores (p< 0,001). O ângulo da superfície vestibular no canino foi significativamente maior do que nos incisivos intra-arcada (p< 0,001), e nenhuma diferença significativa foi detectada entre incisivos centrais e laterais (p> 0,05). Também foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa entre as duas medições. Conclusões: As angulações coroa-raiz foram muito diferentes entre os dentes anteriores. Os caninos superiores e inferiores apresentaram considerável curvatura na superfície vestibular, associada a uma evidente angulação coroa-raiz. Consequentemente, desvios durante a colagem de braquetes podem desencadear maior erro na expressão de torque e aumentar o risco de fenestração alveolar e deiscência, sendo necessária uma avaliação antes da colagem.

Primer premolar inferior con dos conductos y doble trayecto fistuloso: caso clínico / First lower premolar with two canals and double fistulous path: a clinical case

El tratamiento endodóntico del primer premolar inferior, cuando presenta varios conductos o varias raíces puede ser un gran desafío. En el presente trabajo se describe un caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino de 60 años de edad que concurre al Servicio de Guardia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FOUBA). Al examen clínico y radiográfico se descubre la presencia de dos trayectos fistulosos que corresponden a la misma pieza dentaria con diagnóstico de absceso alveolar crónico. Concluimos que el operador debe realizar un minucioso diagnóstico, y analizar y conocer las diferentes configuraciones anatómicas para tratarlas adecuadamente, aumentando así las probabilidades de éxito del tratamiento (AU)

Endodontic treatment of the first lower premolar when it has multiple ducts or multiple roots can be a challenge. This paper describes a clinical case of a 60-year-old male patient who attends the on-call service of the School of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (FOUBA). Upon clinical and radiographic examination, the presence of two sinusal tracts that corresponded to the same dental piece with a diagnosis of chronic alveolar abscess was discovered. We conclude that the operator must carry out a thorough diagnosis and analyze and understand the different anatomical configurations in order to properly treat them, thus increasing the probability of treatment success (AU)

Outcomes and preoperative evaluation of transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in the treatment of pure native aortic valve regurgitation / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To assess outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for pure native aortic valve regurgitation. Methods    A total of 129 patients underwent transfemoral TAVR in Fuwai Hospital from May 2019 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 83 males and 46 females with an average age of 72.26±8.97 years. The patients were divided into a pure native aortic valve regurgitation group (17 patients) and an aortic valve stenosis group (112 patients). Results    The incidence of valve in valve was higher in the pure native aortic valve regurgitation group (47.0% vs. 16.1%, P<0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in conversion to surgery, intraoperative use of extracorporeal circulation, intraoperative left ventricular rupture, postoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), peripheral vascular complications, disabled stroke, death, or pacemaker implantation. There was no statistical difference in the diameter of annulus (25.75±2.21 mm vs. 24.70±2.90 mm, P=0.068) or diameter of outflow tract (25.82±3.75 mm vs. 25.37±3.92 mm, P=0.514) between the pure native aortic valve regurgitation group and the aortic valve stenosis group. Conclusion    Transfemoral TAVR is a feasible method for patients with pure native aortic valve regurgitation. The diameter of annulus plane, the diameter of outflow tract and the shape of outflow tract should be evaluated.

Rare Morphology of The Third Maxillary Molar and Potential Complications in its Extraction

@#There is a wide variation in the morphology of third maxillary molar which can be difficult to be identified radiographically. We present a case of a 26 year-old Yemeni female patient presented with difficult extraction of her left maxillary third molar. The extracted tooth showed a rare variation of root morphology, having four roots with three roots curving palatally at the apices. This report emphasized the potential complex morphological variation of maxillary third molar which may lead to the difficulty of a routine straight forward procedure thus needing careful extraction maneuvering to prevent any complications.

Hydrogel applications for yield improvement of capsicum with deficit irrigation at cold desert Ladakh region

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogel application on growth, physiological responses and yield of capsicum under high altitude cold desert conditions with deficit irrigation of Ladakh region. Methodology: Field experiment was conducted with five levels of hydrogel treatment (viz. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) at cold desert Ladakh region with two irrigation intervals (7 and 11 days) during 2014-15 cropping season. Plant growth characters, root morphology, physiological parameters and capsicum yield were analyzed according to standard methods during the experiments. Results: Hydrogel application in deficit irrigation improved physiological parameters viz. leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, membrane stability index and significant reduction in electrolyte leakage in capsicum plant. Significant improvement in root morphology was also recorded when hydrogel was applied @ 15 and 20 kg ha-1. Improvement of yield attributing characters as influenced by hydrogel application @ 15 and 20 kg ha-1 resulted in significant increase in capsicum yield with reduced water requirement. Interpretation: Hydrogel has potential for growth of capsicum crop through improved root morphology and physiology of plant in deficit irrigation under arid and semi-arid regions where availability of water for irrigation is scarce or average rainfall is quite low.

Effects of red light and blue light on root morphology and accumulation of bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中草药

Objective: Investigate the effects of different intensity of white light, red light and blue light on root morphology and bioactive compounds accumulations of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Methods: The seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza were treated with 4 intensities of white light, red light and blue light, respectively, the morphologic index of root such as the lateral root number, lateral root diameter as well as the content of seven bioactive compounds were determined. Results: The influences of different light quality on the above-ground morphological indexes of S. miltiorrhiza were distinct. Red light of 100 μmol/(m2∙s) and 200 μmol/(m2∙s) promoted the occurrence of lateral root, and blue light of 200 μmol/(m2∙s) and 300 μmol/(m2∙s) significantly increased the root biomass. The accumulation of different bioactive compounds was distinctly affected by light quality and light intensity, the accumulation of tanshinones was more sensitive to the light treatments than that of phenolic acids. Conclusion: Light regulates the lateral root development and accumulations of bioactive compounds simultaneously, the application of artificial light is a promising method to improve the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza.

Morfología radicular de los terceros molares / Root canal morphology of third molars

Introducción: la morfología radicular es una característica del tercermolar que puede incrementar el grado de difi cultad de la odontectomía,lo que hace necesario indagar sobre sus aspectos anatómicos más frecuentes. Objetivo: Conocer la morfología radicular de los terceros molares. Material y métodos: Se valoraron 155 tomografías computarizadas cone-beam (TCCB) de pacientes ≥ 16 años de edad, de ambos sexos, con al menos un tercer molar retenido o erupcionado con desarrollo radicular completo. Las características estudiadas fueron el número, longitud, diámetro y forma de las raíces. Resultados: Los terceros molares superiores presentaron con mayor frecuencia raíces fusionadas (57.9 por ciento) en forma cónica sobre su eje (27.2 por ciento). Los casos con raíces separadas mostraron más comúnmente una curvatura hacia distal en el tercio medio de la raíz vestíbulo-mesial (35 por ciento), mientras que la forma predominante de la raíz vestíbulo-distal fue la recta sobre su eje longitudinal (28.8 por ciento). Las formas más frecuentes de la raíz palatina fueron la recta sobre su eje longitudinal y la recta palatinizada conigual número de casos (18.7 por ciento), siendo ésta la que tuvo mayor longitud (11.7 ± 1.7 mm) y diámetro en sus diferentes tercios (cervical 4.8 ± 0.9 mm, medio 4 ± 1.1 mm y apical 2.8 ± 0.9 mm). Los terceros molaresinferiores presentaron mayormente dos raíces (75.9 por ciento) convergentes yseparadas por un septum óseo (38.1 por ciento), siendo la raíz vestíbulo-distal la que presentó mayor diámetro en sus diferentes tercios (4.1 ± 1 mm,3.4 ± 0.7 mm y 2.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectivamente). Conclusiones:Las características de las raíces de los terceros molares observadas en la TCCB se acercan a las descripciones anatómicas. Se observaron, además, múltiples variaciones en su forma, tanto en las fusionadas como en las separadas. Este aspecto morfológico debe ser tomado en cuenta para prever el grado de dificultad de la odontectomía del tercer molar.

Introduction: The root morphology of third molars is something thatcan make extraction more diffi cult, which is why research is needed intothe most common anatomical aspects of this characteristic. Objective:To understand the root morphology of the third molar. Material andmethod: 155 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images ofpatients aged ≥ 16 years of both sexes with at least one retained orerupted third molar with complete root development were examined.The features assessed were: number, length, diameter, and shape ofthe roots. Results: The upper third molar was found to have a greaterfrequency of fused (57.9%) and cone-shaped roots (27.2%). Cases ofseparate roots most commonly displayed distal curvature towards themiddle third of the mesiobuccal root (35%), while the distobuccal rootwas more typically straight along its longitudinal axis (28.8%). Thepalatal root was most commonly either straight along its longitudinalaxis or its palatal side (18.7% in both cases), the latter being longer(11.7 ± 1.7 mm) and having a greater diameter in each of its threesections (cervical 4.8 ± 0.9 mm, middle 4 ± 1.1 mm, and apical 2.8 ±0.9 mm). The presence of two converging roots (75.9%) and two rootsseparated by an interdental septum (38.1%) was more common in lowerthird molars, with the distobuccal root having the greatest diameterin each of its three sections (cervical, 4.1 ± 1 mm, middle, 3.4 ± 0.7mm, and apical 2.3 ± 0.6 mm). Fused roots were longer (11.6 ± 1.8mm) and most commonly cone-shaped with distal tapering (27.7%).Conclusions: The characteristics observed in the CBCT images of theroots of the third molars were similar to those described in anatomicalliterature. Furthermore, multiple variations were found in their shape, inboth the fused and the separate root canals. This morphological aspectshould be taken into consideration in order to determine the degree ofdiffi culty of a third molar extraction.

Morphology of Maxillary First Molars Analyzed by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography among Malaysian: Variations in the Number of Roots and Canals and the Incidence of Fusion

Introduction: A few studies investigated the numerous potential endodontic uses of CBCT, including the examination of root canal morphology and presumed that CBCT was effective for the initial identification of such morphology; moreover CBCT is a reliable method for the detection of the MB2 canal when compared with the gold standard of physical sectioning of the specimen. The aim of this study was to identify the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first molars among Malaysians analysed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: Maxillary first (n = 421) molars from Malaysian patients (n = 241) of Malay, Chinese and Indians inceptions were examined by two Endodontists using in vivo CBCT methods. The number and configuration of roots, the number of root canals, and the canal configuration according to Vertucci’s classification were determined. Results: Single roots were not found in maxillary first molars. The incidence of fused roots was 1.995% in the first molars between mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots. In (421) 3-rooted maxillary first molars, additional canals were found in 45.6% of the mesiobuccal (MB) roots and 0% of the distobuccal (DB) roots. Bilateral symmetry of the MB roots was found in 82.36% of the first molar. Only one tooth was found to have pulp stone inside the pulp chamber. Conclusions: The root and canal configuration of a Malaysian population showed different features from those of other populations. CBCT scans can enhance the understanding of root canal anatomy, with the potential of improving the outcome of endodontic treatment.

Evaluation of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in urban Indian population: an in-vivo cone beam computed tomographic study.

Background: Inability to recognize anatomical variations in roots and canal configurations remains one of the principal factors in failure of endodontic therapy. Mandibular premolars, due to their varied internal morphology, present an endodontic challenge more often than other teeth. Objective: To assess the root morphology and canal configuration of mandibular first and second premolars using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography imaging (3D CBCT). Methodology: Bilaterally, mandibular premolars were evaluated on 100 CBCT images independently by two experienced endodontists. Vertucci’s classification was used to identify and divide the canal configurations. Results: 97% of first premolars and 99.5% of the second premolars were found to have one root. The most common canal configuration was found to be Type- I. Other types of canal configurations were 5.5% and 5% in first and second premolars respectively. Conclusions: Modern-day endodntist needs to be vigilant at all times to avoid missing canals and consequent failures.

Crown-root morphology of adjacent lateral incisors in patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines:A cone-beam CT study / 医学研究生学报

Objective Maxillary canine palatal impaction is a common deformity in stomatology and its etiology remains dis-putable.The aim of this study is to investigate the crown-root morphology of the adjacent lateral incisors in patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines using cone-beam computed tomography ( CBCT) in order to explore its etiology. Methods Using CBCT scanning, we examined 94 maxillary canines in 84 patients, including 27 palatally impacted maxillary canines in 24 patients ( the experi- mental group) , 37 buccally impacted maxillary canines in 30 age-and sex-matched subjects ( control group A) , and 30 normal maxil-lary canines in 30 age-and sex-matched subjects ( control group B) .We selected some necessary reference planes, measured the ori-entation and position of the chosen canines, and studied the morphology of the adjacent lateral incisors by CS 3D imaging, followed by statistical analysis of 17 of the linear variables obtained. Results Compared with control group A, the experimental group showed significantly shorter tooth length ([22.930 ±1.849]mm vs [21.240 ±1.651]mm, P<0.05), crown length ([9.270 ±0.559]mm vs [8.150 ±0.889] mm, P<0.05), and mesiodistal width at 4 mm to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) ([7.260 ±0.579]mm vs [5.900 ±0.581] mm, P<0.05) as well as shorter buccolingual width at the CEJ level, mesiodistal width at 4 mm to the CEJ, buc-colingual width at 4 mm apical to the CEJ, distance from the canine cusp to the coronal and occlusal planes, and coronal angulation of the canine (all P<0.05).There was a negative correlation between maxillary canine palatal impaction and age (P<0.05). Conclusion One of the main causes of maxillary canine palatal impaction is that the adjacent lateral incisor is too small to provide suf-ficient guidance to the canine.The severity of maxillary canine palatal impaction increases with the age of the patient.

Morfologia radicular da dentição permanente de Sapajus apella: morfometria, anatomia macroscópica, ultraestrutura e propriedades físicas / Root morphology of the permanent dentition Sapajus apella: morphometry, gross anatomy, ultrastructure and physical properties

O objetivo desse trabalho foi contribuir com o estudo anatômico, morfométrico, ultraestrutural e propriedades físicas dos dentes permanentes do primata Sapajus apella. Para tal, foram utilizados 10 animais adultos e machos. Os dentes foram avaliados quanto ao seu comprimento e quanto à anatomia radicular externa e interna considerando número de raízes e canais, forma e direção radicular e forma do canal, assim como análise da densidade e diâmetro tubular do canal radicular, composição e microdureza dentinária. A anatomia radicular desse primata apresentou especificidades, como o número de raízes do segundo pré-molar superior e a presença do terceiro pré-molar. Quanto à densidade e o diâmetro dos túbulos dentinários, observou-se uma diminuição do número e diâmetro de túbulos ao longo do canal radicular, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante ao se comparar o terço apical com as regiões cervical e média, padrão de densidade e tamanho semelhantes a dentes humanos. Semelhanças também foram encontradas com dentes humanos quando comparados os valores de microdureza e proporção de elementos químicos encontrados na dentina radicular...

This paper aimed the anatomical study including morphometric, ultrastructural and physical properties of permanent teeth of Sapajus apella primate. Ten adult male monkeys were studied. The teeth were evaluated for their length, root anatomy (external and internal considering the number of roots and canals), direction and shape of the root canal, density and diameter of the tubular root canal, dentin microhardness, and composition. The root anatomy showed specificity regarding the number of roots of the second premolar and the presence of the third premolar. We observed a decrease in the number and diameter of dentinal tubules along the root canal, a statistically significant difference when compared with the apical and cervical regions. Similarities with human teeth were found in regard to microhardness values and proportion of chemical elements in the root dentin...

A Complex Mandibular First Molar - An Endodontic Challenge Two Case Reports.

The aim of this article is to present two clinical cases of Mandibular first Molar with an additional distolingual root (Radix entomolaris-R E ) and in one case an additional canal in distal root known as D2,and a glance on the incidence of this anatomical feature and literature.